<ul><li>Sowing: &nbsp;It is advised to sow oilseed rape at a depth of 2 cm in a seedbed, to enable retention of soil moisture. If soil is compacted, and provided there is no risk of slugs, it is recommended to sow at a depth of up to 20 cm. To do so, it is essential to prepare the soil just after the harvest of a preceding crop.</li><li>Weather conditions: Oilseed rape requires some cold conditions at initial stage development. Thus, the main challenge is to find an optimum sowing window (between mid-August and mid-September). Sowing before rainfall is preferred, except in the case of compact silt chalky soil.</li><li>Soil: For clay soil, rolling after sowing is essential to retain soil moisture. For compact silt chalky soil, it is not recommended to sow in proximity to rainfall.</li><li>Weed control: &nbsp;Mechanical weed control - recommended after emergence in dry weather conditions. Herbicide application -at a post-sowing/pre-emergence stage.</li><li>Plant population: The aim is to establish a target plant population of 30 to 35 plants/m2 . Care must be taken to avoid excessive plant population, as they are associated with reductions in yield (elongation and strong tab roots).</li></ul><h3>To know deeper, download our rapeseed technical guide:</h3><h3><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lidea.eu.wizyvision.app/public/files/5e6b7c12-4c63-4df4-997b-8e043e298a5a">click here</a></h3><h3>&nbsp;</h3>&nbsp;

 Sowing: tips for rapid and uniform emergence 

Weed control: &nbsp;The oilseed rape plot should be checked for weed presence before winter to assess risk. The plot may require further herbicide treatment.Pest control: A useful instrument in integrated pest management is the yellow bowl. The yellow bowl enables verification of the numbers of pest insects that have flown into the plant population. Information obtained in this way can serve as a basis for decision-making as to whether chemical plant protection measures are necessary.Plant check-up: A good biomass with a healthy root system ensures good plant behaviour, frost and drought resistance, and yield optimisation. The goal is to have a biomass of 25 g/plant (&gt;0.8 kg/m2 ) by the end of October.<h3>To know deeper, download our rapeseed technical guide:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lidea.eu.wizyvision.app/public/files/5e6b7c12-4c63-4df4-997b-8e043e298a5a">click here.</a></h3>&nbsp;

Autumn and preparation for winter 

AUTUMN AND PREPARATION FOR WINTER

<ul><li>The majority of WOSR varieties are tolerant to low temperatures during winter.&nbsp; However, this tolerance is strongly correlated with the stage of development of the plant before winter.</li><li>To obtain optimum frost tolerance, an oilseed rape plant needs to be well established, without stem elongation (an important criterion when choosing a variety).</li><li>Plant check-up. Stronger plant establishment means higher tolerance. The goal is to obtain a biomass of 45 g/plant (&gt;1.2 kg/m2 ), the main root with a length of 15 cm and a diameter of approximately 8 cm.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">To know deeper, download our rapeseed technical guide: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lidea.eu.wizyvision.app/public/files/5e6b7c12-4c63-4df4-997b-8e043e298a5a">click here</a></h3>

Winter entry and frost tolerance 

WINTER ENTRY AND FROST TOLERANCE

<ul><li>After winter, the restart of vegetation is another important period in the oilseed rape lifecycle. Branching capacity is determined at this time. Hybrid technology offers a high branching capacity that secures yield.</li><li>To create favourable conditions for branching, it is important to ensure sufficient nitrogen nutrition just before the restart of vegetation. Evaluation is crucial (for reasons of economy as well as efficiency) and the nitrogen input should be split into 2-3 applications.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">To know deeper, download our rapeseed technical guide: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lidea.eu.wizyvision.app/public/files/5e6b7c12-4c63-4df4-997b-8e043e298a5a">click here</a></h3>

Restart of vegetation: securing yield

<ul><li>In general, the highest risk of pest and disease attacks occurs around flowering time</li><li>Diseases: Sclerotinia is one of the most harmful diseases for oilseed rape. Favourable conditions for sclerotinia are humidity of more than 90% for over 3 days at the flowering stage and an average daily temperature of under 12°C. Ventilated vegetation and adapted density limit the risk. If necessary, fungicide treatment should be administered during the G1 stage, first leaf fall or 6-10 days after flowering</li><li>Pest control: It is important to survey pests, especially pollen beetle which can seriously affect yield potential (abortion and bud reduction)</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">To know deeper, download our rapeseed technical guide: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lidea.eu.wizyvision.app/public/files/5e6b7c12-4c63-4df4-997b-8e043e298a5a">click here</a></h3>&nbsp;

Flowering

FLOWERING: PROTECTING YIELD POTENTIAL

<ul><li>Maturity: At the end of a plant life cycle, the colour of the grain gradually changes from green to brown, then black. Grain maturity differs slightly between the pods at the top of the plants and the ones on the bottom branches. Optimal harvest time is when the maximum number of pods on the upper part of the plants are over-matured.</li><li>Humidity: Optimum maturity is between 12% and 8%. A lower rate presents a risk of significant loss.</li><li>Pod shattering: If rapeseed is over-matured, the pods may open causing the seeds to fall. This phenomenon is called pod shattering. The right varietal choice will limit the risk</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">To know deeper, download our rapeseed technical guide: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lidea.eu.wizyvision.app/public/files/5e6b7c12-4c63-4df4-997b-8e043e298a5a">click here</a></h3>&nbsp;

MATURITY AND POD SHATTERING RISK

<figure class="image"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/diseases_colza.png"></figure><h2 style="text-align:center;">SLUGS</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:57.47%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/slugs.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION Adult: 35 to 50 mm in length, grey-beige colour. Whitish mucus. Young: 4 to 5 mm in length, pink or wine brown body. Whitish mucus.DAMAGE The critical period for seedlings is from the emergence to the 4-true-leaf stage. Slug attacks during this period can kill plants. SOLUTIONS • Seedbed preparation before sowing can significantly reduce the number of slugs. Uncultivated soil may contain residues from previous crops which can provide a haven for slugs. • Examine the field for slug presence before sowing. Leave traps overnight and examine early the following morning when soil is visibly moist. • The application of a pesticide at sowing time is another effective method to avoid damage. Monitor crops throughout the early susceptible growth stages.<h2 style="text-align:center;">APHIDS</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:42.87%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/aphids.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION Winged: 1.5 to 2.5 mm in length, slender, green to pale yellow abdomen, black head and thorax. Wingless: 1.5 to 2.5 mm in length, ovoid and naked body, often greenish. Legs, antennae and cornicles are relatively long. DAMAGE&nbsp; Rarely reaches levels causing direct feeding damage. Can cause significant yield loss through diseases introduced by viruses. Mosaïc viruses are less frequent but more harmful compared to turnip yellows virus (TuYV). In autumn, symptoms can be observed on leaves, including purple tingeing of leaf blades and pods.SOLUTION Regular plant examination from the emergence until 5-6 leaves stage. In case of more than 20% infestation, further action is required. Aphids are resistant to a number of insecticides, so options for chemical control are limited. Insecticide application after the 6-leaves stage is not efficient. For effective aphid control, it is recommended to use varieties with TuYv resistance.<h2 style="text-align:center;">FLEA BETTLES (larvea)</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:45.54%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/flea_b_larve.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION 1.5 to 1.8 mm in length, white colour, elongated form. Dark brown head, three pairs of legs and dark plate at the tail end. DAMAGE The larvae undermine the petioles during autumn and winter. Attacks are highly detrimental to stunted plants, with late recovery, because larvae feed in ‘mines’ within the plant tissue and destroy the terminal bud.&nbsp; SOLUTION There are various agronomical levers to foster continuous growth of oilseed rape in autumn: • planting seeds early to allow establishment before the beetles become a problem. • companion planting. • sufficient fertilisation. Monitor the presence of larvae using the Berlese-Funnel- Method, which makes it possible to extract flea beetle larvae and eliminates the need to dissect the petioles of the oilseed rape. Another method is to cut a plant stem lengthwise to check for larvae. Cutting open the stem of an infested plant may reveal tunnels and larvae. If infestation reaches 5 larvae per plant, intervention with an insecticide is recommended.<h2 style="text-align:center;">FLEA BETTLES (ADULTS)</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:57.88%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/flea_b_adult.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION 3 to 5 mm in length, adult beetle is a jumping insect, coleoptera,Vmetallic blue black colour. Tips of legs, antennae and head are golden red. DAMAGE Multiple circular bites (‘shot-holing’) of 1 to 2 mm diameter, with or without perforation, in cotyledons and leaf edges (similar to Phyllotreta attacks). If a quarter of plant’s leaf is damaged up to the 3-leaves stage, it can severely impact crop establishment. SOLUTION Early sowing to reach the emergence stage by the beginning of September and 4-leaves stage by mid-September. Monitor flea beetle presence by installing a yellow bowl, starting from sowing until the 3-leaves stage. Intervene with an insecticide in case of “shot-holing” of 8 out of 10 plants and/or 25% of damaged foliar surface.<h2 style="text-align:center;">TERMINAL BUD WEEVILS (LARVEA)</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:50.49%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/terminal_bud_weevils.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION 4.5 to 6.5 mm in length, legless, white with black-brown head (young larvae), yellow (older larvae). DAMAGE Larvae migrate to the heart of the plant and destroy the terminal bud. Attacks are detrimental to stunted plants, with late recovery. SOLUTION Management of terminal bud weevils is similar to that of flea beetles. Monitor the presence of adult insects using the yellow bowl.&nbsp;<h3>To know deeper, download our rapeseed technical guide:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lidea.eu.wizyvision.app/public/files/5e6b7c12-4c63-4df4-997b-8e043e298a5a">click here.</a></h3>&nbsp;

Main insect pests in autumn

MAIN INSECT PESTS IN AUTUMN

<figure class="image"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/diseases_colza.png"></figure><h2>&nbsp;</h2><h2 style="text-align:center;">STEM WEEVILS</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:58.77%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/sans_titre_1.png"></figure>&nbsp;DESCRIPTION Adult: 3 to 4 mm, oval shape, ash grey colour with black legs. Young: 7 to 8 mm, legless, white body with black head in the beginning of life cycle, later body changes to yellow with light brown head. DAMAGE Insects lay their eggs in the petiole, which may disrupt cell multiplication. Can lead to stem deformation and dissociation of the cortex from the pith.Dry conditions increase the risk of yield losses. SOLUTION Frequent field monitoring with the yellow bowl helps to detect insects earlier. It is important to intervene with the verification method during the first eight days after detection. In case of early attacks, it is recommended to wait until the stem elongation stage before treatment.<h2 style="text-align:center;">POLLEN BEETLES</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:53.84%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/2.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION Adult: 1.5 to 2.5 mm, flattened shape, shiny black with metallic green reflections. Antennae and legs can be black or red. DAMAGE Adult beetles feed on pollen and pierce flower buds causing bud abortion and pod reduction. Susceptible stage is at button evolution (D1-F1). In severe attacks, yield loss can reach up to 30%. SOLUTION • Frequent crop monitoring from green to yellow bud phase. • Varietal association may make it possible to avoid insecticide intervention. Consider early flowering varieties sown together with the main variety to create a natural trap attracting pollen beetles and to narrow the window for main variety susceptibility. • If the threshold exceeds 7 to 9 pollen beetles per plant before flowering stage, insecticide application is inevitable.<h2 style="text-align:center;">Cabbage seedpod weevils</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:55.68%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/3.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION Adult: 2.5 to 3 mm in length, slate grey colour with black tips on legs. Larvae: 4.5 to 5.3 mm in length, white body with yellow on the lower side. Legless, with a brown head. DAMAGE Although larvae can destroy 4 to 6 kernels per pod, this damage remains relatively minor. More significant damage may occur with midge attacks. SOLUTION Damage caused by this insect is generally low, making insecticide intervention unnecessary, except where the threshold exceeds 0.5 weevils per plant at the beginning of pod evolution.<h2 style="text-align:center;">APHIDS</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:48.15%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/4.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION Winged: 2.1 to 2.6 mm, globose, with rather short antennae, legs and cornicles. Wingless: 1.5 to 2.5 mm, yellowish on molting, waxy secretion gives them an ashy grey appearance. Grouped in very tight colonies. DAMAGE Insect multiplication leads to development of colonies and causes growth difficulties, abortions of information or reproductive plant parts. The earlier the attack in spring, the higher the risk, in particular during vegetation restart.. SOLUTION Regular field checks on aphid presence until one month before harvest. Mild weather conditions are favourable to aphids. Treatment threshold: from 2 colonies/m2 at flowering stage.&nbsp;<h3>To know deeper, download our rapeseed technical guide:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lidea.eu.wizyvision.app/public/files/5e6b7c12-4c63-4df4-997b-8e043e298a5a">click here.</a></h3>&nbsp;

Main insect pests in spring

MAIN INSECT PESTS IN SPRING

<figure class="image"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/diseases_colza.png"></figure><h2 style="text-align:center;">Sclerotinia</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:68.9%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/sclerotinia.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION&nbsp; White mould, or sclerotinia infection symptoms occur on plant’s leaves, crown, stem and pod. At the end of winter, at the stage of vegetative restart, leaves of plant’s rosette may become soft and translucent, gradually covered with white compact mycelial growth, often arranged along the petiole. White encircling spots appear on the stem at the level of petiole insertion and in the leaf axils. As stem lesions develop, the upper part is no longer fed and hot. Often at this stage lodging may appear. In humid conditions, spots become covered with a fungal white growth that can form sclerotia: clusters of black mycelium outside and white inside, various shapes and sizes (from a few mm to more than 1 cm). In less favourable climatic conditions, there is no sclerotia formation. The attack takes on a parchment appearance with concentric mauve streaks centred around the insertion of the petiole. During flowering, discoloured spots appear at one or more nodes. At the attacked nodes, characteristic mycelium and sclerotia may appear. Severe infection can cause stem splitting displaying a string of sclerotia. Siliques can be affected: they turn white and dry out. Sclerotia can also form there. DAMAGE Sclerotinia is a major disease, causing yield losses of 30% to 50% in severely affected crops. Yield loss results mainly from scalding which causes a reduction in the weight of a thousand grains and more or less ginning depending on the time of the attack and the percentage of plants affected. Strong nuisance: above 20% of plants attacked, every 10% of additional attacks cause a loss of 1.5 to 3 q/ha. SOLUTION • Variety: There is no varietal resistance to this disease. • Sowing: Avoid high density sowing and reduce nitrogen input. • Preceding crop: Frequent use of rapeseed, sunflowers, soybean, peas, field bean or alfalfa in rotation favour the disease, as do crops susceptible to disease irrigated near the plot. • Chemical control: Preventive chemical treatment in plots at risk in stages F1, F2 of oilseed rape. Curative treatment in conditions favourable to contamination (petals stuck to leaves, very high and persistent relative humidity, average temperature above 12°C). Any treatment is ineffective once the first symptoms appear on the stem.<h2 style="text-align:center;">Stem Canker Phoma</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:59.42%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/stem_canker.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION Symptoms mainly occur on the leaves and crown. From emergence to the rosette stage, damping-off and leaf spots are the main symptoms. Ashen grey, rounded macules or spots with black dots (pycnidia) appear on cotyledons and leaves in the autumn. They can appear later on stems. Not to be confused with pseudocercosporella spots, brown to white, which do not have black spots. At the end of winter, a grey to black cavernous necrosis can appear at the neck. Plant death from crown severing can occur from early winter until the end of flowering. DAMAGE Root collar necrosis prevents the plant from being nourished normally; it can even cause the taproot to sever and the plant to lodge. Yield losses can reach several q/ha (strong nuisance). SOLUTION Variety: Choose a variety not susceptible to the disease.&nbsp;Sowing: • Aim optimal plant establishment to avoid stem elongation during autumn. • Limit sowing density by sowing fewer than 40 seeds/m². • Depending on space, do not exceed 15 feet per linear meter. Agronomic measures • Crush and bury colza residues from previous year. • In the event of no ploughing, export straws from preceding crops (cereals) or reduce the thickness of mulch by crushing or stubble cultivation to avoid elongation. • Limit the application of organic fertilizers in summer (objective: fewer than 100 units of nitrogen available in the soil in the autumn). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Preceding crop. Avoid rotations with crucifers.DAMAGE RANKING<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:87.57%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/damge.png"></figure><h2 style="text-align:center;">Cylindrosporium</h2><figure class="image image-style-align-center"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/cylindrosporium.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION On leaves, light green spots, often going unnoticed, appear on the upper surface of the leaf blade. Small white dots on the edge of spots, acervuli, allow the disease to be identified with certainty. As they age, spots take on characteristic appearance: 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter, beige to tawny, often surrounded by acervuli, with appearance of scabs or burns. Leaf thickens, cracks and deforms. On confluence, spots form large patches and cause leaf to wilt. On stem and peduncles of elongated pods, beige to light brown, corky, transversely cracked spots are formed. In case of early attack, stems can be deformed. On siliques. Whitish, elongated, corky spots, sometimes surrounded by acervuli appear. Pods deform and open prematurely. DAMAGE On leaves, spots and deformations deprive the plant of part of its photosynthesis. On floral organs, attacks directly reduce production of pods and seeds. Attacks on pods or peduncles cause pods to open prematurely. Yield losses can reach 6 q/ha (moderate nuisance). SOLUTION Eliminate contaminated crop residues: crush them and bury them to limit spread of the fungus from year to year. Broad-spectrum fungicide treatment targeted at G1 stage sclerotinia may also reduce pressure. However, these two agronomic practices will often insufficiently reduce damage in years of heavy presence. For integrated disease management, consider a crop variety resistant to the disease.<h2 style="text-align:center;">Alternaria</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:59.78%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/alternaria.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION Initial symptoms are small black spots about 1mm in diameter. Mostly seen on leaves and pods, sometimes on stems at the end of flowering stage. DAMAGE Yield loss depends on intensity and earliness of symptoms. In the majority of except when Alternaria spreads to pods causing premature ripening and pod shattering. SOLUTION There are no varieties with resistance to Alternaria. Chemical control only plays a preventive role at stage G4. Crop residues of oilseed rape, or contaminated cruciferous plants in nearby fields, should be buried. Germination occurs in spring and is favoured by warm temperatures (+18°C) and alternation of rainfall and dry weather conditions.<h2 style="text-align:center;">Verticilium</h2><figure class="image image_resized image-style-align-center" style="width:79.61%;"><img src="https://api-com.lidea-seeds.com/uploads/2022/06/longisporunm.png"></figure>DESCRIPTION Verticillium is polyphagous. It is preserved in the form of microsclerotia in crop residues buried in the soil. The mycelium attacks roots making colonization of plant systemic. Symptoms appear on raps towards end of the cropping season. Yellowing of the leaf, usually the stem on one side of the leaf or part of the stem. Progresses to browning and necrosis of the affected tissues. Presence of micro sclerotia in affected stems. An average temperature of 21 to 25°C favours infection. DAMAGE Causes early senescence (aging) and decreased performance. Yield losses in severe infestation can reach 10 to 50%, yet experimental proof of such estimations is lacking (and conditions can vary from year to year). TKW and pod shattering tolerance can be affected by this disease. SOLUTION There are no fungicides with proven effect against this disease. Consider choosing a variety with tolerance in addition to agronomic practices like rotation with non-host crops. Bury crop residues deeply to avoid further contamination.&nbsp;<h3>To know deeper, download our rapeseed technical guide:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lidea.eu.wizyvision.app/public/files/5e6b7c12-4c63-4df4-997b-8e043e298a5a">click here.</a></h3>&nbsp;

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